Ro antiscalant data sheet.
Reverse Osmosis Membrane Antiscalant .
Ro antiscalant data sheet 600/- to Rs. It is manufactured by a special polymerization process. It inhibits the formation of scales such as silica, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, and metal This is an enhancement to Hypersperse MSI300, which is the only silica inhibi-tor with extensive, field and pilot study data dem-onstrating efficacy on membrane systems applications. This document is a technical data sheet for an RO antiscalant product called ME220. LSI is important to RO feed water in determining whether a water is corrosive (has a negative LSI) or will tend to scale calcium carbonate (has a positive LSI). This full spectrum antiscalant is also very effective in high iron and organic waters. If needed, the antiscalant tank should be cleaned prior to filling. Bekasi, Jawa Barat. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION: RO TREAT 5010TM is a proprietary liquid antiscalant designed to inhibit silica, sulfate, and carbonate scale and disperse colloidal particles in cellulose acetate and polyamide membrane separation systems. 9 liter) pail equivalent to a 55 gallon (208. Consult the Material Safety Data Sheet as the only official source of Environmental and Safety information. In the event of exposure, flush eyes or skin with water Sokalan® RO 100 Reverse Osmosis Membrane Antiscalant Description Sokalan® RO 100 is an aqueous solution of a polycarboxylate with a low molar mass. 2 liter) drum of standard liquid antiscalant. 2014 1 Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking · 1. Clean Water Act (CWA): PT401 Antiscalant is not a hazardous substance under the Clean Water ct. It is a mixture of organophosphonates that is corrosive and can cause irreversible eye damage or skin burns if contact occurs. Alkaline and acidic cleaning formulations. This antiscalant has the ability to prevent silica scale up to 2. Slightly effective in high silica water. com Website: AvistaMembraneSolutions. EC-RO-16 does not present any significant health or environmental hazards according to its safety data sheet. The official NSF name is "Miscellaneous Water Supply Products. So it is concluded that it also act as Descaling chemical. The information provided in this Safety Data Sheet is correct to the best of our knowledge, information and belief at the date of its publication. These NSF Official Listings are current as of Friday, November 14, 2025 at 12:15 a. The user can enter multiple cases to study various operating conditions, directly enter concentrate analysis, and select the best PWT product and dosage for the application. The product is not osmo antiscal 1 (flocon) high performance antiscalant for reverse osmosis systems Download technical data sheet for more information about usage, dosing and safety. It contains high and low molecular weight components APPLICATION Vitec 3000 is a powerful, wide spectrum, liquid antiscalant and dispersant that is highly effective at low dose rates and in a wide range of feedwaters such as brackish, wastewater and seawater. Highest performing scale inhibitor and RO pretreatment on the market for an effective control of inorganics, metals and colloids. RO TREAT 5010™ is a proprietary liquid antiscalant designed to inhibit silica, sulfate, and carbonate scale and disperse colloidal particles in cellulose acetate and polyamide membrane separation systems. Proper precautions should be taken including protective equipment during handling and use. Such a scaling could be caused due to Magnesium, Calcium, Barium, strontium, Iron, Silica and Fluoride. Some common membrane foulants and Scalants include calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, calcium fluoride Product Description Pretreat Plus ® – 0100 is a comprehensively designed antiscalant that manages iron, salts (that are soluble), silica, and calcium carbonate that produce scale without it. The LSI value is calculated by subtracting the calculated pH of saturation Shipping descriptions may vary based on mode of transport, quantities ,temperature of the material, package size, and/or origin and destination It is the responsibility of the transporting organization to follow all applicable laws, regulations and rules relating to the transportation of the material. The information given is designed only as a guidance for safe handling, use, processing, storage, transportation, disposal and release and is not to be considered a warranty or quality Apr 23, 2020 · The great thing about PA0100 is that it solves a number of problems simultaneously, saving you headache and preserving your reverse osmosis membranes. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION: RO TREAT 5020TM is a proprietary liquid antiscalant designed to inhibit silica, sulfate, and carbonate scale and disperse colloidal particles in cellulose acetate and polyamide membrane separation systems. Reverse Osmosis Systems . t. Sokalan® RO 100 is low-phosphorus chemistry. It is a very effective antiscalant for waters with high LSI and SDI. 01. 2 Setu,Kab. We offer a global line of Avista membrane treatment chemicals manufactured worldwide to cover a full spectrum of foulants and scales. CARETREAT ANTISCALANT WT® RO Membrane Antiscalant RO antiscalant helps descale the inorganic scaling. com Contact Information Email 13-04-2005 SDS Revised This Safety Data Sheet has been prepared in accordance with article 31 and annex II in REACH and Directive 453/2010/EU. , Ltd. 5 mg/l of case (without iron), complete calcium stabilization 191. 800/-. 2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against No further relevant information available. SUEZ membranes. The features of the Pretreat Plus® – 0100 prevents it from reacting 1. Our range of antiscalants is designed to control scale formation effectively and comply with local environmental regulations. SpectraGuard SCTM is a liquid super-concentrate which provides users the convenience of a 5 gallon (18. RO antiscalant is a subgroup of variou products as high pH antiscalant, Low pH antiscalant chemicals. Selecting the correct antiscalant is critical to providing optimum operating conditions for both sea and brackish water RO plants. Offered RO chemicals such as acidic, alkaline & heavy duty Antiscalants cater to different types of feed water, Low/high brackish & sea water with high scaling and Fouling potential, Heavy metals, Iron & Silica etc. 3 Details of the supplier of the Safety Data Sheet An antiscalant is a pretreatment that gets injected into the feedwater that flows through the RO membrane, preventing the membrane from scaling. It is a highly effective protector for membranes from fouling even when exposed to water with massive amounts of pollutants. If you are interested in purchasing our products feel free to Make A Request or give us a call at +1 (800) 800-9019. The Vitec 5100 liquid antiscalant is designed to inhibit the formation of aluminum silicates, calcium phosphate, and silica scale. It may also reduce operational expenditure, through energy savings, reduced cleaning frequency and extending the life of the membrane. RO antiscalants also provide ease-of-use and security during operation, meeting all of the environmental safety prerequisites for RO treatment chemicals used in water treatment plants. This multicomponent formulation is targeted at preventing scale precipitation in larger systems and is particularly cost effective in seawater and municipal reverse osmosis (RO) applications. ProDose XPRTTM uses the most accurate scaling prediction calculations available to accurately determine efecive antiscalant dosage, and cleaning chemical usage. Page 1 of 4. 8111-indion-ro-antiscalants - Free download as PDF File (. Feb 6, 2023 · Dozer Gold 5020 Price The wholesale price of Dozer Gold RO Antiscalant in Hyderabad is around Rs. It is a broad spectrum antiscalant designed to inhibit inorganic scale formation in membrane processes. It inhibits the formation and growth of silica, calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, strontium sulphate, barium sulphate, calcium fluorides and metal oxides scales. 8x saturation and calcium sulfate up to 6. PRODUCT DATA SHEET OVERVIEW HYDRODIS R 859 ANTISCALANT, is the only non-equivalent product in the world that prevents 100% blockage of membranes in reverse osmosis systems Prevents calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg++) and bicarbonate (HCO3) ions from entering the reaction and prevents formation of precipitates in the membranes Thermax offers a complete range of membrane treatment chemicals, including: Antiscalants that provide optimum control of feed water with concentrate LSI upto +3. INDION 8111 is a pale yellow to yellow liquid antiscalant for use in reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and electrodialysis reversal systems. RO antiscalant helps descale the inorganic scaling. Chemical Feeding and Control Injection: AWC A-110 should be injected continuously into the RO feedwater line, always downstream of multimedia filters, and preferably downstream of the cartridge filters in the presence of a static mixer. It contains high and low molecular weight components that APPLICATIONS VitecTM 7400 is a liquid antiscalant and dispersant used for systems with both high silica and sulfate challenges. Pure Aqua’s PA0100 antiscalant is very versatile and will control scale in most applications treating naturally occurring feed water. Sources of key data used to compile the Safety Data Sheet Key literature references and sources of data SOLENIS Internal data SOLENIS internal data including own and sponsored test reports The UNECE administers regional agreements implementing harmonised classification for labelling (GHS) and transport. The information cannot be transferred to other products. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PREPARATION AND THE COMPANY Product Name GC-502 Antiscalant Company Name PT. The reuse of this material's container for non industrial purposes is prohibited and any reuse must be in consideration of the data provided in this material safety data sheet. 5t/h antiscalant nalco Water Treatment Reverse Osmosis Plant Water Filter System. It contains a neutralized potassium salt solution. Chemical Product and Company Identification Section 2. Counsil Directive 1999/45/EEC Classification, packing and labelling of dangerous preparations. SpectraGuard SCTM cuts shipping volume by 90% making it ideal for high-volume users. 4 Emergency telephone number A PermaTreat 191 ‘Safety Data Sheet’ is available PermaTreat is a registered trademark pH 8. This document provides a material safety data sheet for M-51 Scale Inhibitor. Sections 4-6 provide first aid measures and instructions for handling spills and American Water Chemicals is a water treatment chemicals supplier specializing in chemical solutions to optimize RO membrane systems. In the case of mixing the product with other This document summarizes the material safety data for BERKO SAFE 106 NSF reverse osmosis antiscalant. PELICAN-301 RO Antiscalant (HIGH PH) is a super-threshold RO membrane antiscalant and antifoulant which can stabilize a wide range of supersaturated salt solutions, thereby preventing precipitation on the membrane surface. The antiscalant chemical from Pure Aqua, Inc. Sokalan RO 400 is phosphorus-free chemistry. Reverse osmosis antiscalants usually need extremely low dosage rates and are capable of functioning alongside other chemicals fed upstream. For more information, see the Safety Data Sheet provided with this product. “AES” antiscalants are high performing products at low dosages and can offer advantages like eliminate or reduce the use of acid dosing, enable plants to operate efficiently at the highest possible recovery, reducing the downtime and energy cost by reducing cleaning frequencies, reducing reject Safety Data Sheets 45 Batch Mixed Bed Resin – All applications where deionized water is needed. 60 certified for potable water applications. Please contact NSF to confirm the status of any Listing, report errors, or make suggestions. Download Genesys RC Safety data sheet. Inspect the antiscalant day tank before adding the new solution. INDION 8111 is an excellent multifunctional antiscalant/antifoulant for use in reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and electro dialysis reversal systems. Handling Flocon 260 is certified to ANSI / NSF Standard 60 for use in reverse osmosis systems producing potable water. Observe all recommended safety precautions until container is cleaned, reconditioned or destroyed. Vitec 5100 is NSF certified. “AES” antiscalant products are ANSI/NSF Std. Section 2 notes there are no hazardous ingredients. APPLICATIONS VitecTM 5100 is a liquid antiscalant and dispersant targeted at preventing scale precipitation in larger systems and is particularly cost effective in seawater and municipal reverse osmosis (RO) applications. Safety Precautions A Material Safety Data Sheet containing detailed information about this product is available on re-quest. Chemical Feeding and Control Injection: Everflux should be injected continuously into the RO feedwater line, always downstream of multimedia filters, and preferably downstream of the cartridge filters in the presence of a static mixer. RO/NF Vitec 3000® is a powerful, broad spectrum, liquid antiscalant and dispersant that is compatible with organic coagulants. High Silica RO Antiscalant Chemtex’s High Silica RO Antiscalants are specific Anti-scalants for Reverse Osmosis membrane feed water effective in controlling deposition of inorganic scales and higher levels of silica and metal oxides. Reverse Osmosis membrane antiscalant for feedwater with high concentration of ferric and/or aluminum coagulant carryover. It provides details on the product such as its description as a liquid that controls scale and fouling in RO membranes, compatibility with major membrane brands, specifications including appearance, pH, solubility, and usage as a 2-6 mg/L dosage in RO systems. Hypersperse MSI410 is a highly effective liquid antiscalant/antifoulant specifically designed for silica scale. It lists the product name and manufacturer information in Section 1. 0 for varying water characteristics. 1 Product identifier Trade name : AmeroyalTM AS1530 ANTISCALANT Trademark, Solenis or its subsidiaries or affiliates, registered in various countries VitecTM 7000 is a multicomponent liquid antiscalant and dispersant that provides a high level of sulfate inhibition and allows increased reverse osmosis (RO) system recoveries in challenging waters. Sep 8, 2016 · ry. Antiscalants are Vitec™ 3000 is a powerful liquid antiscalant and dispersant that can be used in a wide range of feedwaters, including brackish water, wastewater, and seawater. 2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses Vitec™ 4000 is a liquid antiscalant & dispersant that offers excellent silica scale inhibition & allows increased system recoveries in high silica feedwaters. Genesys LF is a general purpose liquid antiscalant & antifoulant for use in RO and NF systems. Data shows effective control of silica up to 240 ppm although applications on variant wa-ter sources may establish even higher limits. Reverse Osmosis Membrane Antiscalant Sokalan RO 400 is an aqueous solution of a polycarboxylate with a low molar mass. Contact Pure Aqua with your water chemistry and operating conditions to determine & solve the membrane fouling issues. GIO PUTRA SINERGI Water & Waste Water Treatment , Specialty Chemical Company Material Safety Data Sheet GC-502 Antiscalant Antiscale for Reverse Osmosis Membrane SECTION 1. The information given is designed only as a guidance for safe handling, use, processing, storage, transportation, disposal and release and is not to be considered a warranty or quality specification. No guarantee, however, is implied directly with regard to the numerical values of contents, physico-chemical properties, hazards & toxicity etc. WaterEx's Membrane Antiscalant reduces the scaling to about 80% when used regularly. 43 The results show the effect that 0. The DEWTRACK-RO software is also available to allow you to calculate your required antiscalant dose. It is highly effective at low dose rates and in a wide range of feedwaters. Protec™ RO C Product Data Sheet: Our Product Informational and Safety Data Sheets are available for download. is designed to eliminate scale and reduce fouling in membrane systems. Before using Ashland products in production, your plant management and employees should be familiar with these Safety Data Sheets. RO membrane scaling occurs when particles accumulate on a membrane, causing the membrane’s pores to plug. ro antiscalant data sheet clothing brand email list Wastewater reuse 1. PermaTreat - PC-1020T Material Safety Data Sheet Issue Date: 24-AUG-2007 Supercedes: 24-AUG-2007 Oct 22, 2025 · NALFLEET™ RO Scale Control can be diluted using RO permeate (only) following these guidelines: Use RO permeate for dilution. 0x saturation. Apr 29, 2020 · Section 03: Composition / Information on Ingredients Component CAS Number PT401 Antiscalant Non-DOT regulated ingredients (FDA grade weak organic acids and polyelectrolytes). Refer to current The Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC) Regulations 1272/2008/EEC. 350/- to Rs. Broad spectrum RO antiscalant designed for use with industrial membrane systems. It is effective in brackish and sea-water applications preventing inorganic scale, particularly calcium carbonate, iron and silica. RO-100 keeps membrane permeate flow close to design, and minimizes downtime and membrane cleaning cost. Consult Federal, State and local regulations for specific requireme CX RO Antiscalant Neutral pH RO Antiscalant Supplier's Name Address Chemtex Speciality Limited Haute Street Corporate Park 86A Topsia Road (S), Kolkata 700046 Ph: +91-33-7111-1111 info@chemtexltd. 450/- whereas the retail price ranges from Rs. Discover Flocon® products, the ultimate pre-treatment chemical for membrane desalination applications. Broad Spectrum Antiscalant and Antifoulant Genesys LF is a general purpose liquid antiscalant & antifoulant for use in Reverse Osmosis and Nano-filtration systems. Further remarks: The information in this safety data sheet is correct to the best of our knowledge at the time of printing. txt) or read online for free. Chemical Feeding and Control Injection: AWC A-101 should be injected continuously into the RO feedwater line, always downstream of multimedia filters, and preferably downstream of the cartridge filters in the presence of a static mixer. This product has been used successfully in mining, wastewater applications and high recovery systems. Inhibits silica & inorganic scales Suitable for Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nano-Filtration (NF) membranes Approved for use in drinking water applications (UKDWI) Compatible with all polyamide membranes Replaces acid addition APPLICATIONS VitecTM 5100 is a multicomponent antiscalant targeted at preventing scale precipitation in larger systems and is particularly cost effective in seawater and municipal reverse osmosis (RO) applications. 3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Avista Technologies, Inc. The information provided in this Material Safety Data Sheet is correct to the best of our knowledge, information and belief at the date of its publication. Genesys RC is a broad spectrum antiscalant and antifoulant for use in small and recycling RO and NF systems with less than 100 m3/day of feed water flow. This concentrated phosphonate product is effective against a wide range of inorganic scaling species and also sequesters trivalent metal cations such as iron, manganese and aluminium thus reducing the frequency of membrane Vitec® 4000 is a proprietary liquid antiscalant designed to inhibit silica, sulfate, and carbonate scales and disperse colloidal particles in cellulose acetate and polyamide membrane separation systems. Addition of GES SCALA360 during RO Cleaning will removes the scales present at the surface of the membrane & increases the performance of membrane. Vitec 3000 is used in multiple industries including, but not limited to, semiconductor, food and beverage, power, and oil and gas. Mag Mixed 3000 Batch Mixed Bed Resin – All applications where deionized water is needed. Eastern Time. It is a very RO Antiscalant for High LSI & SDI LSI (Langlier Saturation Index): - LSI is a process of reporting the scaling or corrosive potential of RO membrane feed water. Product Technical Data Sheets for particular properties and application notes for each product. Prepare a fresh antiscalant solution every 3-5 days. RO-100 controls fouling of scales of carbonate and sulfate salts of calcium,magnesium,barium and stronium; also iron and colloidal deposits. 2000 Batch Mixed Bed Resin – All applications where deionized water is needed. Trade name: Scale Free 2850 Reverse Osmosis Antiscalant Article number: SF 2850 1. Hazard(s) Identification Signal Word: WARNING! 1. com Water treatment chemical RO Reverse Osmosis 1. It provides information on product identification, composition, hazards, safe handling and storage, exposure controls, accidental release measures, toxicological information, and other safety-related details. The remaining components are not considered hazardous chemicals by OSHA or GHS standa (See Section 8 for Exposure Limits) Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Supplier Company Name: Address: The information provided in this Safety Data Sheet is correct to the best of our knowledge, information and belief at the date of its publication. Section 3 describes the product as an aqueous, clear to straw liquid that can irritate skin and eyes upon contact. Phone 0812 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET Section 1. It is highly effective at preventing the formation of inorganic scale thereby reducing the frequency of membrane cleaning and replacement. m. It has more than 25 years of proven performance gainst the following scalants: calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, barium sulphate, strontium sulphate, calcium fluoride, silica PermaTreat - PC-391T. Safety Data Sheets contain information about the safe use of the respective product for the health of workers. The information relates only to the specific Emptied containers retain vapour and product residue. We provide customized antiscalant and CIP solutions based on feedwater quality, membrane type and system design. The product is shipped in 25kg plastic drums and Eflochem specializes in manufacturing & blending of NSF certified specialty chemicals for reverse osmosis such as Antiscalants, Cleaners, Biocides & Preservatives. RO Chemicals Antiscalant Chemical Pure Aqua’s PA0100 antiscalant chemical ofers superior quality performance characteristics over a wide range of applications. APPLICATION VitecTM 3000 is a powerful, wide spectrum, liquid antiscalant and dispersant that is highly effective at low dose rates and in a wide range of feedwaters such as brackish, wastewater and seawater. AmeriClean A Liquid – Liquid reverse osmosis membrane cleaner AmeriClean A Powder – Powder reverse osmosis membrane RO/NF Vitec 4000® is a liquid antiscalant and dispersant that offers excellent silica scale inhibition and allows increased system recoveries in high silica feedwaters. APPROVALS Caretreat Antiscalant WT® RO is according FDA for direct food contact For detailed information on safety and health, please refer to the Material Safety Data Sheet MSDS and/or product label. GIO PUTRA SINERGI Harvest City Cluster Orxhid G8 no. GES SCALA360 Antiscalant prolongs membrane life and thus lengthens the time between membrane cleanings. Review classification requirements before shipping materials at elevated temperatures. Genesys MP is a broad spectrum liquid antiscalant, approved for use in large municipal RO and NF systems. Vitec 7400 is NSF certified. Download Genesys MP Safety data sheet. RO/NF Vitec 5100® is a broad spectrum, liquid antiscalant and dispersant that is compatible with organic coagulants and effective at low dose rates. Application of the substance / the mixture Descaling compound/ Scale solvent 1. , data or evaluation. Hypersperse MSI410 includes a proprietary SUEZ Water Technologies & Solutions polymer, which is uniquely effective in treating silica scale. This product has received NSF/International certification under ANSI/NSF Standard 60 in the reverse osmosis antiscalant category. 1. 92069 San Marcos United States Telephone: +1 (760) 744 0536 e-mail: regulatory@avistatech. Reverse Osmosis Membrane Antiscalant • Compatible with the thin film composite (polyamide) and cellulose acetate RO membranes of the leading manufacturers. pdf), Text File (. EC-RO-16 is an antiscalant and antifoulant for use in reverse osmosis systems at a maximum concentration of 15 mg/L. 2014 Revision: 29. Highly effective for control of aluminum silicate scales. Protect from freezing and from exposure to high temperatures. Material Safety Data Sheet HYPERSPERSE MDC220 Issue Date: 03-NOV-2011 Supercedes: 23-OCT-2008 Download Genesys LF Safety data sheet. Non oxidizing biocides for controlling biological fouling. The information is intended to give you advice about the safe handling of the product named in this safety data sheet, for storage, processing, transport and disposal. Contact the nearest wholesale supplier for the latest price. Personal protective equipment including gloves, goggles, and protective clothing should be worn when handling. Genesys SW Sea Water Antiscalant Genesys SW is a broad spectrum, phosphorous free antiscalant for use in seawater Reverse Osmosis and Nano-Filtration systems. It reduces the risk of scaling and eliminates the use of hazardous acids, resulting in efficient plant operation with the highest possible conversion rate. The product can be stored at least 12 months from date of shipping if kept in it's original, unopened container and under normal warehouse conditions. 140 Bosstick Blvd. This concentrated phosphonate product is effective against a wide range of inorganic scaling species and also sequesters trivalent metal cations. A material safety data sheet is Page 1/12 Safety Data Sheet according to 1907/2006/EC (REACH), 1272/2008/EC (CLP), and GHS Printing date 29. Correct product application will help to ensure the plant runs as efficiently as possible. Please read the label and Material Safety Data Sheet before handling this product. The data in this MSDS were prepared based on the currently available data and information assuming conditions of common handling for industrial use. RO/NF/EDR Antiscalant PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS: Appearance : Pale yellow to yellow colored liquid pH as supplied Specific gravity Solubility in water PermaCare™ POSM35T Reverse Osmosis Membrane Antiscalant PermaCare™ POSM35T is a highly effective scale inhibitor with proprietary sequestering agents developed specifically to treat reverse osmosis (RO) systems. 1 Product identifier · Trade name: Scale Free 2850 Reverse Osmosis Antiscalant · Article number: SF 2850 · 1. This document is a safety data sheet for the product WSTS-11, an antiscalant for reverse osmosis systems produced by Water Steam Treatment and Supply Co. It helps in control of silica scales and ideally suited for increasing membrane life and reduces unscheduled shutdowns for cleaning operations. Flocon® 135 Antiscalant for Reverse Osmosis System Description Flocon 135 is an aqueous solution of a specialised phosphinocarboxylic acid, highly effective in controlling the deposition of inorganic scale forming salts on membrane surfaces. 1 Product identifier Trade name : SokalanTM RO 100 Antiscalant and Deposit Controller Trademark, Solenis or its subsidiaries or affiliates, registered in various countries MSDS Antiscalant For RO PT. 0 duration2 hours calcium (mg/l as640 ion) agitation200 rpm bicarbonate (mg/l 1,952temperature as ion) 25oC chloride (mg/l 5,000LSI as NH4Cl) +2. " Maximum product application dosage is 15 mg/l. As a general cleaning and quality enhancing purification product, antiscalant is the go-to problem solver that ensures the quality and productivity you deserve. eulufdugnylyvkgjvtxkightnedmhfpmafjnebcauphbkumrvgphgsgwbtihqolwrndiubidkinpxwn