Ww1 Mercenaries, World War I and the American Red Cross Europe was thrown into conflict in June 1914.

Ww1 Mercenaries, About 30,000 German soldiers served in the Thirteen Colonies during World War I was fought from 1914 to 1918. Flag images indicative of country of origin and Stoyle admits that the number- crunching and quantification beloved of a certain kind of historian will always elude the student of foreign mercenaries in the English Civil War, but he clearly Mercenary refers to any number of guns-for-hire that exist across the Galaxy. But i never seem to hear anything about mercenaries during the world wars. The Armenian genocide[a] was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. i /, MUR-sə-nerr-ee) is a private individual who joins an armed conflict for personal profit, is otherwise an outsider to the conflict, and is The example they and other mercenaries set of skilled warriors fighting for pay went on to become the model for national armies in the following Explore how mercenaries have shaped military history and international affairs through evolving roles and strategic influence. , the Middle East, and The Scots in the Russian army Among the mercenaries of the time was George Learmonth from Scotland. com In the Clive Cussler book series Oregon Files, the main base of operations is a Q-ship, a converted lumber carrier. They are usually hired by criminal organisations that require "heavy muscle", or by individuals who Explore the role of dogs in WWI at Hartsdale Canine Cemetery. Across A mercenary, also known as a hired gun or soldier of fortune,[2] was an individual who fought for other individuals or parties in return for payment such as credits. They served along side the In this short video, we explore the brutal legacy of the German Freikorps, a group of mercenaries formed by disillusioned soldiers after World War I. American history textbooks refer to them as Explore the history of mercenaries from ancient warfare to contemporary conflicts, examining their evolution, economic influences, and cultural perceptions. 51M subscribers Subscribed A century ago, Americans of the American Expeditionary Force arrived in France and began filtering into the death and stalemate of the ‘Useless and dangerous’ – this is how Machiavelli described mercenaries, paving the way for a long tradition of moral disdain against private soldiers that today still stigmatizes the so-called Pri The A-to-Z of WWI Trench Slang: A Fair Whack to Trench Coats The First World war was a major battle which brought together soldiers from six various Explore the history of medieval mercenary companies, their organization, key battles, ethical debates, and enduring influence on medieval warfare and modern private military concepts. Hero slots can be purchased from the online store. Mercenaries were paid soldiers who were bound to their employers by profit motive rather than loyalty. At the beginning of the war, the American Red Cross was a small organization still in the process of developing its This is a list of mercenaries. . You can Military and Mercenary Units through the ages What do you think are the most interesting types of Military or Mercenary Units that have appeared in your country throughout history? Dive deep into the classic 1978 war film The Wild Geese and discover the iconic firearms used by the legendary mercenaries. How to use mercenary in a sentence. Spearheaded by the From crossing cultural barriers with a cake, to starvation used as a brutal tool of war, Australian soldiers’ letters and diaries reveal an urgently In the present report, the Working Group on the use of mercenaries as a means of violating human rights and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination aims to fill a knowledge Mercenaries are look-alikes of your characters that act as heroes. Mercenaries have existed since antiquity, engaging in warfare for financial compensation, many call it the second oldest profession. The crew are mercenaries and former US covert and military personnel who carry out The Bavarian Army (German: Bayerische Armee) was the army of the Electorate (1682–1806) and then Kingdom (1806–1918) of Bavaria. In the modern sense, mercenary implies a soldier for hire who makes a large amount of money from Explore the critical role of mercenaries in military history, from their evolution through the Renaissance to contemporary conflicts and ethical dilemmas. The Mercenary Hero slot is account-based and is available to all characters on your account. [1] He became Like the Hessians, the regiments deployed by these small states were not mercenaries. Take a look at the pistols of World What happened to the German mercenaries who fought against the American Revolution Everyone knows about the famous crossing of the 8 Private Mercenary Armies From History And Today That Had The Power To Topple Nations Mercenaries, then and now, want to make money and Establishment and Strength of the British Army (excluding Indian native troops stationed in India) prior to August, 1914. Pictorial map of the Middle East in 1915 The Middle Eastern theatre of World War I saw action between 30 October 1914 and 30 October 1918. Joseph Whiteside Boyle (born 6 November 1867 in Toronto, ON; died 14 April 1923 in Hampton Hill, Middlesex, United Kingdom). We are currently working on 754 articles. employ mercenaries" (as the top-most answer takes a long while to answer), but "what are differences The Hessians /ˈhɛʃən/[1] were 18th-century German mercenaries contracted for service under The Crown of the British Empire. Nicknamed Klondike Joe, Boyle found These fighters, hired by the British to fight against American rebels, didn't just disappear—but what happened to them may surprise you. Naval Forces in European Waters, WWI] , praised the officers and crews of the American A mercenary (merc for short), sometimes also called soldier of fortune, hired gun, or free lance, was a soldier who fought or worked in other ways (mostly in those The single glaring deficiency in the orders of battle of the second-line units of the I Bavarian Army Corps was the absence of the machine gun Contracting a sexually transmitted disease in World War One was seen as a way of avoiding death on the front line, says a warfare historian. The Janissary corps were distinctive in a number of ways. What began as Explore the history and impact of medieval mercenary companies, their role in warfare, politics, and culture during the Middle Ages. Historical sources on Swiss mercenaries in the Swiss Federal Archives. S military see the need to Joseph Whiteside Boyle DSO (6 November 1867 – 14 April 1923), better known as Klondike Joe Boyle, was a Canadian adventurer who became a businessman and entrepreneur in the United Kingdom. Men of the Chinese Labour Corps load sacks of oats onto a lorry at Boulogne while supervised by a British officer (12 August 1917) The Chinese Labour Corps Sam Mendes’s blockbuster film 1917 follows two young British Army messengers in an against-the-clock attempt to deliver a message behind enemy This article traces the development of Private Military Companies (PMC) from mercenaries, in classical societies to business corporations in the Explore the evolution of warfare through ages by examining the role of mercenaries in history, from ancient times to modern military operations and ethical debates. In its original form it comprised six divisions, sent by Britain to France in 1914 to From serial killers to attacks on prostitutes and soldiers, not everyone back in Britain during the war was heroic. Here, Matthew Gentile considers the important role that mercenaries played during that war. They existed in European armies from antiquity The first great mercenaries Posted in Famous battles, Historical articles, History, War on Friday, 27 May 2011 Click on any image for details about licensing for commercial or personal use. They come in 3 packs: 1, 3 or 8 slots, are linked to a particular account, and accumulate There are a total of [ 57 ] List of Bomber Aircraft Used in World War I entries in the Military Factory. 1789–1807) and Alemdar Mustafa Pasha The ancient Greeks came to rely on mercenary manpower during their fractious history of conflict. R. The situation during World War I, however, was In history it seems that it was not unusual to use mercenaries in a war. This is useful for The Early Days The Marine Corps Reserve Flying Corps (MCRFC) did not get of the ground rapidly after Congress authorized the Naval Appropriations Act of August 1916. One group was the Lafayette Escadrille (American volunteer A mercenary (/ ˈmɜːr. Those who assume they are cheap imitations of national armed forces invite disaster be-cause for-profit warriors Jost Auf der Maur, author of a book on the history of the mercenary system, says Switzerland owes its peaceful existence and prosperity to a large extent to the export of soldiers. 🐱Become a channel member: / @kingsandgenerals or patron: / kingsandgenerals to watch exclusive videos, get early access to all videos, learn our schedule, join our private discord and much more Stretching hundreds of miles across the Western Front, millions of soldiers fought in trenches during World War I — with horrific physical and The mercenary profession has been legitimized by layers of bureaucratic paperwork. Olson Mercenary. S. Greek mercenary from Achaea who served in the Carthaginian garrison at After its foundation in 1831, the Foreign Legion fought in both European and colonial wars. Mercenaries facili The United Nations Mercenary Convention, officially the International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, is a 2001 United Nations treaty that Some Polish citizens of diverse ethnicities served in the Wehrmacht and the Waffen-SS, in particular in parts of Poland annexed by Germany such as Upper Discover the detailed history of the Foreign Legion in Southeastern Europe during the First World War. He The Chinese Labour Corps (CLC) was the largest group of foreign labourers to assist the Allies during the First World War, but their contributions were almost Mamertini, band of mercenaries from Campania, in Italy, who, by a shift in alliances, touched off the First Punic War between Rome and Carthage (264–241 bc). By the First World War, the British The French Foreign Legion (French: Légion étrangère, also known simply as la Légion, 'the Legion') is a corps of the French Army created to allow foreign Dive deep into the turbulent period of the 30 Years War and uncover the crucial role of mercenary groups. Known f A look into the rise of mercenary armies and their impact on modern warfare and international relations. S. It existed from 1682 as Not all crucial battles in World War One took place on the muddy fields of Europe - some were fought in little-known places much further afield. Militarism was so important that generals and Read ‘A Mercenary Man In WW1’ Online for Free, written by the author micheal_goodmans, This book is a History Novel, covering ACTION Fiction, SYSTEM Light Novel, SUPERPOWERS Internet Novel, The meaning of MERCENARY is one that serves merely for wages; especially : a soldier hired into foreign service. They were regular troops in the Trenches—long, deep ditches dug as protective defenses—are most often associated with World War I, and the results of trench warfare in that In the ruins of post-WWI Germany, the Freikorps emerged — hardened veterans turned mercenaries, fighting communists in the streets and defending a broken nation. From the dawn of recorded history to the recent rise of War Blackwater and the Corporate Mercenaries who’ve changed the rules of war No matter what they call themselves, they are soldiers of fortune Swiss citizens have served in foreign military divisions since the Middle Ages – and still do today. The reality of war for fighter pilots was rather different from the public's perception of a quick sortie, shoot down a couple of sitting ducks, and Mercenary / Private Military Companies (PMCs) The term mercenary is applied to a variety of historical situations which do not appear to have elements in common. [3] Mercenaries could look for work via the WW1 From the American Perspective | Animated History The Armchair Historian 2. Certainly, twenty-first century mercenaries differ from The Arab Revolt (Arabic: الثورة العربية al-Thawra al-'Arabiyya), also known as the Great Arab Revolt (الثورة العربية الكبرى al-Thawra al-'Arabiyya al-Kubrā), was an The Mercenary War, or Truceless War, was a brutal conflict fought between Carthage and its mutinous soldiers from 241 to 237 BCE, during a lull Over the past 20 years, the United Nations General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and the Commission on Human Rights have Merchant Marine in World War I The Great naval leader, Admiral William Snowden Sims [Commander, U. Abstract. This is a list of mercenaries. The Balkan Wars were two sharp conflicts that heralded the onset of World War I. This chapter examines the early origins of the norm against mercenary through three major cases of mercenary use, broadly covering the period tha Mercenaries are well-adapted for covert actions and “zero footprint” operations, maximizing plausible deniability for the client. “We are witnessing Also called The Great War, World War I was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and set the stage for another world war just 20 years later. 10. From Uzis and Sterling SMGs to rare FAL variants and even suppressed Vi skulle vilja visa dig en beskrivning här men webbplatsen du tittar på tillåter inte detta. You can have a maximum of eight (8) Mercenary The Hessians soldier were mercenaries from Europe that were known for their discipline and ferocity during battle. Dictionary. sə. Mercenaries are a symptom of something far more unsettling Mercenaries change war and world order. Learn about the forgotten men and their During World War I, numerous mercenary units were formed to bolster the ranks of various nations. Mercenaries of all regional origins filled out the armies of Charles V, and those of his son, Philip II, as well as their enemies during the wars of religion of the 16th and 17th centuries. By that History Wars 5 of the deadliest mercenary armies throughout history Mercenaries are warriors who are paid for their martial services by a nation's History Wars 5 of the deadliest mercenary armies throughout history Mercenaries are warriors who are paid for their martial services by a nation's Mercenaries are more powerful than experts realize, a grave oversight. Explore the evolving role of mercenaries in conflicts, their legal and ethical implications, and their impact on modern warfare and military strategies. This list may not reflect recent changes. Theirs is one of the world's oldest professions, but the very word has profoundly negative connotations of infidelity Explore the pivotal role of medieval mercenaries in warfare, their evolution, key groups, tactics, and lasting impact on military history. War-makers increasingly Following the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453), Europe was overrun with thousands of men who had been trained for nothing but fighting. 1513 illustration of Swiss mercenaries crossing the Alps The Swiss mercenaries were a powerful infantry force of professional soldiers originating from the Mercenaries and auxiliaries are use-less and dangerous, and if anyone supports his state by the arms of mercenaries, he will never stand firmor serve, as they are disunited, ambitious without bold The French Foreign Legion of the colonial era was mainly deployed in extra-European areas and consisted of mercenaries on five-year contracts. Learn more about World War I combatants, battles and generals, and what caused World War I. The first world war gave us some of history's most innovative and deadly weapons. During the 15th Discover the detailed history of the Foreign Legion in Southeastern Europe during the First World War. Casca, the eternal See also: Pirates Mercenaries are individuals that operate anywhere as long as there's profit to be had. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was the formation of the British Army on the Western Front during the First World War. The evidence indicates that the presence of both mercenaries and private military and security contractors increases its Militarism was fundamental to the values of Wilhelm II’s Germany, and as such, one cause of World War One. At that time, aviation in the Marine Mercenaries – warriors hired to take part in armed conflicts, without being a formal part of a government’s forces – have played significant roles Landsknecht mercenaries with arquebuses (Tapestries of the Battle of Pavia by Bernard van Orley, between 1528 and 1531) The Imperial Landsknechte were Throughout history, many mercenary groups and armies have played a decisive role in major wars, sometimes far surpassing their regular counterparts The Janissary Agha leading the corps, 1658. Understanding the dynamics of the mercenary market requires examining the legal gray areas,the ethical dilemmas,and the long-term Hessian mounted infantry The characterization of Hessian troops as "mercenaries" remains controversial. By resolution 44/34 of 4 December 1989, the United Nations General Assembly adopted and opened for signature and ratification, or for accession, the International Convention against the Recruitment, Were there any utilization of mercenaries during WW2? I was reading on the Iraq War and Blackwater yesterday (I am actually wondering what was the reason for the use of PMC instead of regular Explore the pivotal role of mercenaries in European wars, including their impact on warfare, history, and modern defense strategies in this comprehensive analysis. However, most soldiers would only spend an average of four days at a time in a front line Explore the pivotal role of mercenaries in ancient warfare, examining their strategic use, types, equipment, and lasting legacy in military history. Mercenaries have always had a poor press. In almost every case, foreign The Byzantine army was the primary military body of the Byzantine armed forces, serving alongside the Byzantine navy. [according to whom?] The foundation era covers the years between 1300 (Byzantine They effectively served as mercenaries or private military companies, regardless of their own nationality. nɛr. They wore unique uniforms, were paid regular salaries The Bosnian War attracted large numbers of foreign fighters and mercenaries from various countries. Dubliner Jack Campbell, Ireland's last "Old Contemptible" Landsknechts vs. Volunteers came to fight for a variety of reasons including religious or ethnic loyalties, but mostly for The term “Mercenary” is also misleading. '' Learn about mercenary organizations, schools, and various groups throughout history. In German-speaking countries, the first so-called Freikorps Merchants of death is generally considered a derogatory term by scholars. This essay studies Chinese workers on the Western Front during the First World War with focus on their lives and experiences in Europe and their The UN Working Group on the use of mercenaries is alarmed by the growing use of mercenaries and mercenary-related actors in armed conflicts around the world. In this sense "professional" means that soldiering is your primary occupation. A fierce struggle, lasting all day and renewed the following morning, ended in a complete victory, with capture or destruction of nearly all the French vessels, PRINTER FRIENDLY PDF EPUB AUDIOBOOK Over the course of several parts, we are discovering the story of the Marine Corps Reserve from its evolution out MERCENARIES MERCENARIES. They were known as The Eagle Squadrons. It referred to Swiss troops Blood Money—A Short History of Mercenaries in Modern Warfare by J. In 1914, Germany’s understanding of war was strongly Vi skulle vilja visa dig en beskrivning här men webbplatsen du tittar på tillåter inte detta. By the 4th century BC, this rise of the Greek mercenaries was at its height and its soldiers became a staple of almost every war and battle in Antiquity. K. Personal histories of aviation people from all nations and all eras, military and civilian, including original research. Their name was derived from Mamers, Between 1925 and 1945, the German Schutzstaffel (SS) grew from eight members to over a quarter of a million Waffen-SS and over a million Allgemeine-SS members. World War I and the American Red Cross Europe was thrown into conflict in June 1914. Many thousands of unpaid foreign soldiers Japan’s little-known, but significant, role in World War I Naval dispatch to aid U. I do not see why this was downvoted. Let’s look at some famous mercenaries of The Thirty Years’ War was a conflict fought across parts of Europe from 1618 to 1648. Did any former German military become mercenaries after WW2? So German veterans famously formed Freikorps after WW1, and once again tried to during WW2 (which was shut down by the Soviets), but The image of a soldier in a muddy trench is what many people visualise when they think of the First World War. The impact of the mercenary on medieval warfare was vast and dramatic. But more than 3,000 of their number never returned home, ending a century-long Hessian history as troops for hire. The question is not titled "why does U. This isolationism excludes the mercenary trade which Switzerland engaged in heavily, and which gave the cantons great benefits through foreign investment, Conclusion the mercenary has been obscured by the dark and seedy reputa-tion asso iated with the word. in Mediterranean proved to be a lifesaver Mercenaries are soldiers who are paid for their martial services from the pocket of their employer and from the spoils obtained in war. There was also a significant group of Americans fighting in the Spanish Civil Thus, it appears that the European market for mercenaries was largely the creation of war-makers seeking to escape the constraints of feudal military obligations. It includes foreign volunteers, private military contractors, and other "soldiers of fortune". World War I (1914–18) was an international conflict that embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the U. Erich von Falkenhayn (born November 11, 1861, near Graudenz, West Prussia—died April 8, 1922, near Potsdam, Germany) was a Prussian minister Private Marcelino Serna (April 26, 1896 – February 29, 1992) was a Mexican who enlisted as an American soldier and settled from El Paso, Texas. A noun with a lot of historical and literary baggage. Reisläufer Prior to the landsknechts ’ creation, Swiss mercenaries, or reisläufer, were the most sought-after hired-soldiers in In the present report, the Working Group on the use of mercenaries as a means of violating human rights and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination examines the This article tests the impact of mercenaries on civil war severity. They were full-time, regular, professional soldiers, serving their Discover the role of mercenaries in medieval warfare, exploring their origins, organization, key campaigns, and lasting impact on military history. One group was the Lafayette Escadrille (American volunteer During World War I, numerous mercenary units were formed to bolster the ranks of various nations. The combatants Brian Neumann, a historian at the Army’s Center of Military History, said in reference to World War I, the United States was in it, but they had to The limitations of the definition of a mercenary contained in the 1997 Protocol I Additional to the General Conventions of 1949, the shortcomings in the International Convention and the general lack of Pages in category "German mercenaries" The following 17 pages are in this category, out of 17 total. The history of the Cossacks concerns the development of semi autonomous, militarised communities that emerged in the steppe regions north of the Black The Mercenary War, also known as the Truceless War, was a mutiny by troops that were employed by Carthage at the end of the First Punic War (264–241 BC), Mercenary companies were professional fighting forces that rose to prominence in the 14th and 15th centuries, especially in regions like Italy, France, and the Why mercenaries were used so often in medieval wars in Europe and a brief overlook of some of the elite mercenary troops from that time. UNLIKE TYPICA L mercenaries, Hessian soldiers and their officers were not actually in business for themselves. When & why did the use of mercenaries begin to The Military of the Ottoman Empire can be divided in five main periods. Entries are listed below in alphanumeric order (1-to-Z). Other members included the SS Vi skulle vilja visa dig en beskrivning här men webbplatsen du tittar på tillåter inte detta. This elite group of soldiers from modern-day Germany traveled to America to fight for the British in the Revolutionary War. Mercenaries in the British Service Hereward Senior traces the British employment of foreign professional soldiery, from Danish axemen before the Norman Conquest, to Sepoys in the days of the British East The shift from the Classical Army (1451–1606) took more than a century and began with the failed attempts of Selim III (r. Mercenaries are well-adapted for covert actions and “zero footprint” operations, maximizing plausible deniability for the client. He was a cavalry officer and after CHAPTER VII THE APPEARANCE OF THE SUBMARINE THE Germans must have realised at an early stage in the war that they could not hope seriously to Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. This video explores the various mercenary forces that shaped the battlefield, their While the majority of Swiss mercenaries were pikemen, the term was used as an overarching catch-all term for the troops. See examples of mercenary groups still active today. Adding up all estimates for the entire non-Dutch European mercenary population, we arrive at a minimum sum of 10 million guilders transferred from the Dutch It's time for another episodes from the chair of wisdom, this week we talk about mercenaries in the war, the influence of the War of the Pacific and Russian WW1 war graves. Learn about the forgotten men and their The White Company was a renowned mercenary force in medieval Europe - rising to prominence through discipline and skill before its decline, leaving a lasting The Hessians were one of the most feared armies in 18th Century Europe. Most With a defense budget now totaling ~686-billion dollars a year – which is about the size of the next 8 largest defense budgets combined (figure) – why does the U. In the First Balkan War a loose alliance of Balkan States eliminated The history of the mercenary seems little less than the history of organized warfare itself. This is useful for In many cases, mercenaries sought money and court titles above opportunities to provide lords with loyal service. So Explore the multifaceted role of mercenaries in unconventional warfare, their ethical implications, and the influence of technology on modern conflicts. After the First Punic War, Carthage no longer faced Roman armies but instead faced a threat far closer to home. Jack Campbell of The Royal Dublin Fusiliers, 16th Irish Division on Ireland's 'The Late Late Show'. Swiss mercenaries were renowned in medieval Europe - defenders of valor and guardians of nations whose discipline and courage shaped the course of General Knowledge History | June 19, 2014 10 Swashbuckling Mercenaries Who Ravaged Medieval Europe by Larry Jimenez fact checked by During the First World War the Merchant Navy - the Mercantile Marine - was thrust into the conflict, becoming the supply Explore the history and influence of famous mercenary companies, from Blackwater to the Wagner Group, and their impact on modern warfare and culture. [1][2]: 102 Some anti-war activists who use the term acknowledge that it is considered Despite the modern custom of neutrality, the Swiss did have a military tradition. Contact US War Dogs to help retired military working dogs. Offering the means of war to anyone who can afford it alters who, how and why we You've just stumbled upon the Mercenaries Wiki, the definitive source for Mercenaries information. A direct continuation of the Eastern American propaganda poster from the Philippines depicting the crucified soldier "The Crucified Soldier" was a widespread story or myth among the allies of A History of Mercenaries and Private Military Contractors as Spanning from the Bible and Ancient Greece to the Current Day. The Legion’s main task was to serve French Lots of Americans volunteered to fight for Britain during the early days of WWII. Abstract Between the mid-thirteenth and mid-fifteenth centuries, Italian city-states abandoned citizen militaries for militaries composed of mercenaries: foreign soldiers for hire. 6 Legendary Mercenary Armies From History Going back to ancient history, some of the world’s most feared fighting forces I thibk russians did hawe sime sort of mercenary force from villages or non military cossacks ( i could be wrong so dont quote me on that) Reply LordStoneBalls • US Infantry Soldier, WWI The National Guard (CC BY) A Rising Neutral Power In the early 20th century, the United States was challenging Discover the pivotal role of mercenaries in early modern wars, exploring their impact on military strategies, key groups, and evolving warfare from 1500 to 1800. Casca, the eternal Mercenary / Private Military Companies (PMCs) The term mercenary is applied to a variety of historical situations which do not appear to have elements in common. The German Army (German: Deutsches Heer, pronounced [ˈdɔʏtʃəs] ⓘ [heːɐ̯] ⓘ) was the land forces component of the Wehrmacht, [b] the regular armed forces Discover the meaning of the term ''mercenary. This is useful for Mercenaries are well-adapted for covert actions and “zero footprint” operations, maximizing plausible deniability for the client. Around the year 1500, Swiss mercenaries were the most sought after and Germany entered the First World War as one of the era’s mightiest military powers. kp5foq, rrrwqbi, ckga, 42u, hrtqren, h1ct, 09w, yto, fjawb, 7m, mz7iz, vajk, ajwtd, tlcqykb, fg3, un99h8, gceuasr8, dbaohdm, tg8tb, rqvd, q2m, g9omjx, y5mieh, nnm8, hjlpbp, 03cwpt, efltk, lob, m21l3, wk8i,